El Poder Ejecutivo reglamentó la Ley sobre Muerte Súbita,
Mediante el Boletín Oficial, el Poder Ejecutivo dio a conocer la reglamentación de la Ley sobre Muerte Súbita (Ley N° 27.159), que lleva promulgada 7 años.
Este logro se produce gracias a una demanda efectuada por los alumnos de Abogacía de la Universidad Austral, en el marco de la Clínica Jurídica que lleva adelante la Facultad de Derecho, donde los alumnos de grado realizan prácticas profesionales: litigan en casos reales, tanto en beneficio de personas carenciadas, como en temas de interés público, con la guía y patrocinio letrado de profesores de la carrera.
En noviembre de 2021, los alumnos de la Austral obtuvieron sentencia favorable del Juzgado Nacional en lo Contencioso Administrativo Federal N°12, que condenó al Poder Ejecutivo a reglamentar la Ley sobre Muerte Súbita, por incurrir en inconstitucionalidad por omisión de normativa. Era la respuesta a una acción de amparo preparada por los estudiantes desde el año 2017, que fue presentada en 2018, durante el gobierno de Mauricio Macri, por la Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología (SAC) y el Centro Latinoamericano de Derechos Humanos (CLADH), para exigir que se establezca en qué lugares públicos o privados de acceso público, y en qué condiciones, deben instalarse desfibriladores automáticos.
Los profesores Julio Pablo Comadira y Juan Bautista Etcheverry, quienes dirigen la Clínica Jurídica, coincidieron en la importancia de esta reglamentación: “Estamos convencidos de que con este camino iniciado se van a salvar muchas vidas. Y no es un decir. Se evitarán numerosas muertes súbitas y se salvarán a personas que tengan paros cardíacos en lugares públicos o de acceso público. Esto muestra que se puede influir, desde los estudios en la Facultad, en la concreción de una política pública social con resultados humanos tangibles”, explicaron.
La muerte súbita representa la mitad de las muertes cardiovasculares y el 25% del total de las muertes en adultos. Frente a una muerte súbita, la persona afectada se desploma, pierde la conciencia, deja de responder, de respirar normalmente y pierde el pulso. La muerte cerebral y la muerte clínica comienzan a ocurrir entre 4 y 6 minutos después de un paro cardíaco, por lo que es importante actuar de inmediato.
Además, el 70% de los paros cardíacos ocurren fuera del hospital. Por esto, la comunidad se transforma en la primera encargada de atender un episodio de muerte súbita, antes de la llegada de la ambulancia.
Las recomendaciones internacionales proponen la colocación de desfibriladores automáticos para uso de personal no médico en lugares estratégicos como podrían ser centros deportivos, aeropuertos, estaciones de tren y subterráneos, complejos de oficinas, centros sanitarios y/o comerciales, entre otros. La Ley 27.159 sobre “Muerte Súbita. Sistema de Prevención integral” -que fue sancionada por unanimidad el 1° de julio de 2015- dispone el establecimiento de una “Autoridad de Aplicación” quien determinará qué espacios públicos y privados de acceso público quedarán obligados por esta ley, según su volumen de tránsito y permanencia de personas.
Una reglamentación que salvará miles de vidas
Alejandro Hershson y Jorge Tartaglione, presidentes de la Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología y la Fundación Cardiológica Argentina respectivamente, expresaron su beneplácito por la resolución de la justicia respecto a la necesidad de reglamentar la ley.
Por su parte, el Dr. Sergio Baratta, director de Wikicardio de la Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología y Jefe de Cardiología Hospital Universitario Austral, destacó la importancia de la acción conjunta de la Universidad Austral y la SAC, iniciada en 2018, “con el objetivo de que se implemente una Ley que protege a las personas de la muerte súbita”.
Preguntas y respuestas que todos deberíamos conocer
¿Qué es la muerte súbita?
Se define a la muerte súbita como la muerte natural de causa cardiovascular que se produce en forma inesperada. Se caracteriza por el corto intervalo de tiempo que hay desde el inicio de los síntomas desencadenantes hasta el fallecimiento, habitualmente menor de una hora.
La muerte súbita cardíaca ocurre cuando la actividad del corazón cesa en forma abrupta e inesperada a raíz de un “problema eléctrico” generado por un desorden del ritmo cardíaco que al evitar que se cumpla la acción de bomba del corazón impide que éste lleve sangre y oxígeno al resto del cuerpo. La forma más frecuente de presentación de la muerte súbita es la fibrilación ventricular. Una vez instalada, solo puede ser revertido con el uso de equipos que generan una descarga eléctrica, llamados desfibriladores.
¿Cómo reaccionar frente a una sospecha de paro cardíaco?
Constatar el paro cardíaco.
Pedir ayuda: Llamar al 107 ó al 911 o a personas cercanas al lugar para que busquen el desfibrilador más cercano.
Iniciar maniobra de RCP.
Luego de disponer del DEA, seguir las instrucciones de uso indicadas en el dispositivo.
¿Cómo utilizar un DEA?
Descubrir el tórax de la víctima. Comprobar que la persona no esté mojada y colocar los parches adhesivos que se encuentran junto al DEA. Es importante que no dejemos de realizar la RCP mientras otra persona hace esta maniobra.
En adultos se coloca un parche bajo la clavícula derecha y el otro debajo de la axila izquierda, para crear un frente de desfibrilación que atraviese el corazón. Por debajo de 25 kg de peso se ponen un parche en el esternón y el otro en la columna. Deben hacer buen contacto con la piel, por lo que el pecho debe estar seco y sin mucho vello.
Posterior a la colocación de los parches adhesivos seguir las instrucciones visuales/sonoras del DEA. En el caso de aplicar una descarga, el DEA nos alertará y nos dirá que presionemos una luz roja intermitente para llevarla a cabo. Asegurarse que ninguna persona esté en contacto con el paciente.
Tras la descarga del DEA, continuar con las maniobras de RCP
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